Final Lab Report Sample

Date Performed: July 30, 2012 EXPERIMENT NO. 10 COMPOSITION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ABSTRACT The point of the investigation was to search for the rate sythesis of the components present in the disintegration of potassium chlorate (KClO3) and to discover what the buildup in the wake of warming was. In the wake of playing out the analysis the analysts discovered that there were around 66. 14% of potassium chloride (KCl) in KClO3, and they likewise deducted that the buildup was really KCl. _____________________________________________________________________________________Introduction Total mass of the Element/Compoundâ (Part)Total mass of Compound (Whole) ? 100 The recipe above is the equation used to decide the rate organization of an individual component in a compound. In this investigation, the analysts are both going to explain for the hypothetical rate arrangement and the trial rate creation of components/particles. The hypothetical percent structure is explained utilizing a real ized equation compound and a test percent organization is unraveled utilizing information recognized in the experiment.The objective of this trial is to detail a minute rate blunder as could be expected under the circumstances, which is settled utilizing the recipe beneath. Hypothetical worth Experimental valueTheoretical esteem ? 100 The exacerbate that they are going to use in this analysis is KCl or potassium chlorate. Potassium chlorate, when warmed to high temperatures would shape this condition: 2KClO? (s) ? 2KCl (s)+3O? (g) Procedure The trial was made out of two sections. The initial segment was for deciding the rate sythesis of potassium chlorate.First, the analysts ensured that the pot, which would be utilized all through the investigation, was dry, so they warmed it on a dirt triangle for 2-3 minutes. Next, they let the pot chill off a piece and afterward gauged it along with its spread. At that point they included 1. 196 g of potassium chlorate into the cauldron, set its top and afterward gauged it. From that point onward, they warmed the cauldron again on the dirt triangle for 8 minutes with its last 2. 5-3 inches from the fire. They warmed it for an additional 10 minutes, that time including a smidgen of separation between the fire and cauldron bottom.They permitted the pot to cool for around 10 minutes. At that point they rechecked the example for 6 additional minutes, cooled it and afterward gauged it once more. In the second piece of the examination, they stepped through 3 exam tubes, one containing a limited quantity of potassium chloride, one with a like measure of potassium chlorate, and one that contained an answer acquired from adding refined water to the cauldron, that was utilized in the initial segment of the analysis, and warmed it for about a moment, and afterward they included 10 ml of refined water to each and stirred.In every one of the cylinders, they included 5 drops of weaken (6 M) nitric corrosive and 5 drops of 0. 1 M silver nitrate arrangement, at that point blended each test tube and watched cautiously. Results and Discussion On the initial segment of the examination, the scientists began with the cauldron with the example that weighed 37. 184 g. , after the principal warming, the mass diminished and got 37. 093 g. , after the subsequent warming, the mass diminished again and got 36. 787 g. , the contrast between the two wasn’t under 0. 05 g. , so they needed to reheat.After the third warming, the weight got 36. 779 g. , their distinction was inside 0. 05 g. so no additionally warming is required. In the wake of figuring, the scientists discovered that the hypothetical level of oxygen in KClO3 is 39. 17% and that the test level of oxygen they got in KClO3 was 33. 86%. Then again they additionally discovered that hypothetical level of KCl in KClO3 is 60. 83% and that their trial level of KCl in KClO3 was 66. 14%. also, that the test endeavor to get the level of oxygen in KClO3 had a blunder of 8 . 3%. On the second piece of the investigation when 5 drops of weaken (6 M) nitric corrosive and 5 drops of (0. 1 M) silver nitrate arrangement were added to the arrangement of the buildup and refined water, potassium chloride arrangement, and potassium chlorate arrangement, every one of them turned shady with white hasten in them which demonstrated that chloride particles were available which lead to the reasoning that the buildup was really KCl. 1. Mass of cauldron + cover| 35. 988g. | 2. Mass of pot + spread + test before heating| 37. 84 g. | 3. Mass of pot + spread + buildup after first heating| 37. 093 g. | 4. Mass of pot + spread + buildup after second heating| 36. 787 g. | 5. Mass of cauldron + spread + buildup after third heating| 36. 779 g. | 6. Mass of unique sample=37. 184? 35. 988=1. 196| 1. 196 g. | 7. All out mass lost during heating=37. 184? 36. 779=0. 405| 0. 405 g. | 8. Last mass of residue=1. 196? 0. 405=0. 791| 0. 791 g. | 9. Trial percent oxygen in KClO3=0. 4051. 196? 100=0. 3386? 100=33. 86%| 33. 6%| 10. Test percent KCl in KClO3=0. 7911. 196? 100=0. 6614? 100=66. 14%| 66. 14%| 11. Hypothetical percent oxygen in KClO3=3(16. 00)39. 10+35. 45+3(16. 00)? 100=48122. 55? 100=0. 3917? 100=39. 17%| 39. 17%| 12. Hypothetical percent KCl in KClO3=39. 10+35. 4539. 10+35. 45+3(16. 00)? 100=74. 55122. 55? 100=0. 6083? 100=60. 83%| 60. 83%| 13. Percent blunder in trial % oxygen determination=60. 83-66. 1460. 83? 100=-5. 3160. 83? 100=-0. 0873? 100=8. 73%| 8. 73%| Conclusion and RecommendationAs seen over, the exploratory percent gotten by the specialists wasn’t that far away from the hypothetical worth, and they wound up with a percent mistake of 8. 73%. That’s not a high percent mistake, however in science, where exactness is exceptionally crucial, that sum is as of now thought to be high. One of the elements that drove them to a high rate mistake was that they utilized an alternate equalization for the weighing of #4 and #5 in the table . For additional experimentation, the specialists recommend that just one equalization would be utilized all through the experiment.It is likewise essential to keep the pot consistent with the goal that splashing won’t occur during warming. Since when scattering happens, mass lost would never again be precise. References * Book: Hein, MORRIS, et al. , FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY IN THE LABORATORY FOR SCIENCES (CUSTOM EDITION), twelfth ed. , Singapore129809, 2009 Appendix 1. Mass of unique sample= (mass of the cauldron + spread + test before warming) †(mass of pot + cover)| 2. All out mass lost during heating= (mass of the pot + spread + test before warming) †(mass of the cauldron + spread + after third heating)| 3.Final mass of residue= mass of unique example †absolute mass lost during heating| 4. Exploratory percent oxygen in KClO3=total mass lost during heatingmass of unique example? 100| 5. Test percent KCl in KClO3=final mass of residuemass of unique example? 100| 6. Hypothetical percent oxygen in KClO3=molar mass of O? molar mass of KClO 100| 7. Hypothetical percent KCl in KClO3=molar mass of KClmolar mass of KClO 100| 8. Percent mistake in test % oxygen determination=theoretical esteem test valuetheoretical esteem? 100|

The Creation of Britain’s Welfare State

The Creation of Britain’s Welfare State Prior to World War 2, Britains government assistance -, for example, installments to help the debilitated - was overwhelmingly given by private, volunteer foundations. Be that as it may, an adjustment in standpoint during the war permitted Britain to develop a Welfare State after the war: a nation where the administration gave an extensive government assistance framework to help everybody in their period of scarcity. It remains generally set up today. Government assistance Before the Twentieth Century In the twentieth century, Britain put into impact the cutting edge Welfare State. In any case, the historical backdrop of social government assistance in Britain didn't start in this time, as individuals had gone through hundreds of years changing how to manage the wiped out, poor people, the jobless and others battling with neediness. Houses of worship and areas had risen up out of the medieval period with the main job in thinking about the hindered, and Elizabethan poor laws explained and fortified the job of the ward. As the mechanical transformation changed Britain - as populaces developed, accumulated in growing urban regions, and took up new openings in regularly expanding numbers - so the framework to help individuals additionally advanced, now and again with government laws by and by explaining endeavors, setting commitment levels and giving consideration, yet oftentimes on account of noble cause and freely run bodies. In spite of reformers attempting to clarify the truth, simple and mixed up decisions of the burdened kept on being far reaching, with neediness regularly being credited to inertness or poor conduct as opposed to financial variables, and there was no superseding conviction that the state should run its own arrangement of widespread government assistance. Individuals who needed to help, or required assistance, accordingly needed to go to the volunteer division. These made an immense intentional system, with shared social orders and amicable social orders giving protection and backing. This has been known as a blended government assistance economy, as it was a blend of state and private activities. A few pieces of this framework incorporated the workhouses, places where individuals would look for some kind of employment and haven, however at a level so fundamental they would be urged to look for outside work to better themselves. On the opposite finish of the cutting edge empathy scale, you had bodies set up by callings, for example, excavators, into which they paid protection and which shielded them from mishap or ailment. twentieth Century Welfare Before Beveridge The beginnings of the cutting edge Welfare State in Britain are regularly dated to 1906, when Herbert Asquith and the Liberal party increased an avalanche triumph and entered government. They would proceed to present government assistance changes, yet they didn't crusade on a foundation of doing as such; actually, they evaded the issue. Be that as it may, soon their government officials were making changes to Britain in light of the fact that there was compel working to act. England was a rich, world driving country, yet on the off chance that you looked you could without much of a stretch discover individuals who were poor, however living beneath the destitution line. The strain to act and bind together Britain into one mass of secure individuals and counter the dreaded division of Britain into two restricted parts (a few people felt this had just occurred), was summarized by Will Crooks, a Labor MP who said in 1908 Here in a nation rich incredible there are individuals poor amazing . The mid twentieth century changes incorporated a methods tried benefits, non-contributory, annuity for individuals more than seventy (the Old Age Pensions Act), just as the National Insurance Act of 1911 which gave medical coverage. Under this framework, the well disposed social orders and different bodies kept on running the medicinal services organizations, yet the administration composed the installments in and out. Protection was the key thought behind this, as there was hesitance among the Liberals over raising annual assessments to pay for the framework. (Its important that German Chancellor Bismarck took a comparable protection over direct duty course in Germany.) The Liberals confronted resistance, however Lloyd George figured out how to convince the country. Different changes followed in the between war period, for example, the Widows, Orphans, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act of 1925. Be that as it may, these were making changes to the old framework, attaching new parts, and as joblessness and afterward melancholy stressed the government assistance contraption, individuals started to search for other, far bigger scope, measures, which would discard the possibility of the meriting and undeserving poor totally. The Beveridge Report In 1941, with World War 2 seething and not a single triumph to be found, Churchill despite everything felt ready to arrange a commission to explore how to remake the country after the war. This incorporated a council which would traverse numerous administration offices and would research the countries government assistance frameworks and suggest upgrades. Market analyst, Liberal government official and work master William Beveridge was made the administrator of this commission. Beveridge was an eager man, and he returned on December first, 1942 with The Beveridge Report (or Social Insurance and Allied Services as it was authoritatively known). His association had been so extraordinary his colleagues had chosen to sign it with simply his mark. Regarding Britains social texture, this is ostensibly the most significant report of the twentieth century. Distributed soon after the primary major Allied triumphs, and taking advantage of this expectation, Beveridge made a pile of proposals for changing British society and completion need. He needed support to the grave security (while he didn't create this term, it was great), and despite the fact that the thoughts were once in a while new, increasingly a union, they were distributed and acknowledged so generally by an intrigued British open as to make them a characteristic piece of what the British were battling for: win the war, change the country. Beveridges Welfare State was the first formally proposed, completely incorporated arrangement of government assistance (despite the fact that the name was by then 10 years old). This change was to be focused on. Beveridge distinguished five monsters making a course for reproduction that would need to be beaten: neediness, malady, obliviousness, dirtiness, and inaction. He contended these could be illuminated with a state-run protection framework, and rather than the plans of earlier hundreds of years, a base degree of life would be built up that was not outrageous or rebuffing the wiped out for not having the option to work. The arrangement was a government assistance state with standardized savings, a national wellbeing administration, free training for all kids, board constructed and run lodging, and full work. The key thought was that each and every individual who worked would pay a whole to the administration for whatever length of time that they worked, and consequently would approach government help for the jobless, not well, resigned or bereaved, and additional installments to help those stretched as far as possible by kids. The utilization of general protection expelled the methods test from the government assistance framework, a loathed - some may incline toward despised - pre-war method of figuring out who ought to get help. Truth be told, Beveridge didnt anticipate that administration use should rise, as a result of the protection installments coming in, and he anticipated that individuals should in any case set aside cash and do the best for themselves, especially in the thinking about the British liberal convention. The individual remained, however the State gave the profits on your protection. Beveridge conceived this in an entrepreneur framework: this was not socialism. The Modern Welfare State In the withering long periods of World War 2, Britain decided in favor of another legislature, and the crusading of the Labor government brought them into power (Beveridge wasnt chose.) All the principle parties were supportive of the changes, as Labor had battled for them and advanced them as a simply award for the war exertion, they started, and a progression of acts and laws were passed. These incorporated the National Insurance Act in 1945, making obligatory commitments from representatives and alleviation for joblessness, passing, infection, and retirement; the Family Allowances Act giving installments to huge families; the Industrial Injuries Act of 1946 giving a lift to individuals hurt at work; Aneurin Bevans 1948 National Health Act, which made an all inclusive, free for all social human services framework; the 1948 National Assistance Act to help all out of luck. The 1944 Education act secured the instructing of kids, more acts gave Council Housing, and recreation started t o eat into joblessness. The huge system of volunteer government assistance administrations converged into the new government framework. As the demonstrations of 1948 are viewed as key, this year is frequently called the beginning of Britains present day Welfare State. Advancement The Welfare State was not constrained; truth be told, it was generally invited by a country which had to a great extent requested it after the war. When the Welfare State was made it kept on advancing after some time, somewhat because of the changing financial conditions in Britain, however halfway because of the political belief system of the gatherings which moved all through force. The general agreement of the forties, fifties, and sixties started to change in the late seventies, when Margaret Thatcher and the Conservatives started a progression of changes with respect to the size of the administration. They needed less duties, less spending, thus an adjustment in government assistance, yet similarly were confronted with a government assistance framework that was beginning to become impractical and top overwhelming. There were in this manner cuts and changes and private activities started to develop in significance, beginning a discussion once again the job of the state in governm ent assistance which proceeded through to the appointment of the Tories under David Cameron in 2010, when a Big Society with an arrival to a blended government assistance economy was touted.

A Learning Experience

Every person in the general society has their own separate life course and encounters dependent on the choices they pick at whatever point confronted a specific situation or an experience with another human individual. Every individual respond diversely on these encounters as a component of the singularity complex of the human nature.However, comparative on all event, every individual can take in a significant exercise from every one of these experience or situation which is fundamental to their self-improvement. In the event that an individual is sufficiently willing and is open towards the idea of the experience, the individual can powerful be illuminate from the ethical hugeness of the occasion. Accordingly, through the genuine encounter of every individual that the individual figures out how to form and improve into a superior human person.On respects to this angle, the creator of this paper has likewise experience a specific condition from where he took in an important exercise that he despite everything holds until the present. From this experience, the creator of this paper has seen the estimation of time on which it just gives a solitary open door for a person to prevail in a situation for a moment.As the precepts of astute consistently state, time is valuable with worth as of gold. In the fiber of time, each subsequent checks persistently passing by then failing to come back in this manner, it is essential to give significance for every snapshot of it. Given this in a genuine condition caused the creator of this paper to understand the significant estimation of every second subsequently, adapting never to squander one more second of it.During the time of youth of subject of this experience, he was utilized to snapshots of having second open door wherein in the event that one possibility is squandered, at that point another is given.This is a sure benefit that the creator of this paper has consistently appreciated through the entirety of his encounters especially in his instructive foundation. Instructors and instructive facilitators have constantly given this kid a benefit (or an impairment) because of different individual reasons, for example, family foundation, magnificent control through words, social impact and others.It is as though the destiny of chance arrived upon the hands of this kid empowering him to control time and chances for his very own prosperity. Be that as it may, this has encouraged him a negative exercise on which he become used to this benefit. Surely, the mistakes of his ways has struck back out of the blue prompting a lamentable ending.A basic assessment significant for his general instructive exhibition has come and as usual, this kid never gave a lot of consideration to it paying little heed to the time requirement it has for the arrangement time frame. He respected this undertaking at its particular period to be irrelevant as a result of his desire for unique exemption.However, past his insight, the hea d for the assessment originated from another organization on which he has not authority over accordingly, invalidating his benefits. He had to have the assignments at its given period with any arrangement at all.This grievous experience has mirrored its impact upon the outcome influencing the course of his instructive potential driving him to stage a level down. From this experience he has discovered that time without a doubt doesn't respect exceptional benefits, social impact and others. It sees general society as equivalent under its capacity and control giving every individual a particular open door for each moment.However, the wheel of time has given the kid another open door as an exercise, which was profoundly engraved in his brain. From that second, he has understood his error and give time the worth it merit through failing to waste another snapshot of it.He centered his enthusiasm to what it significant especially his instruction and had the option to prevail in his own cou rse of life. From his experience, he has taken in an important exercise, which he emphatically holds in his track towards what's to come. In view of this change, he had the option to succeed and share this exercise through the portrayal of this story to move others to offer an incentive to their own time and opportunity.

The Collection free essay sample

Who doesnt love a collection that you can tune in to right through? â€Å"The Collection† is an accumulation of all your Morissette top picks. This expressively ecstatic record is one you doubtlessly wont become ill of. This assortment is made out of enormous hits from four of Morissettes collections, a MTV Unplugged execution, singles from motion pictures, and the sky is the limit from there. One part of this CD that merits a great deal of regard is that pretty much every tune was composed by Morissette. She likewise made much out of the music. I think its cool that she is the main huge name craftsman on this collection. With hit after hit, this collection is ideal for turning up the volume in your vehicle and shouting alongside. On the off chance that you havent effectively aced the virtuoso verses to each tune, you before long will! Regardless of what temperament you are in, sticking to this blend will fulfill your melodic thirst. We will compose a custom article test on The Collection or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At the point when you tune in to â€Å"The Collection,† you can hope to begin to look all starry eyed at each piece once more. This CD shakes my socks on the grounds that the verses are so unique. On the off chance that youre searching for totally unique music that youll never become ill of, this CD is for you. Along these lines, for the time being Ive got one submit my pocket and the other one is offering a go-ahead for â€Å"The Collection.†

10 Reasons Why Obama Wont Touch Your 529

Financial Professional Content Many investment professionals were surprised last week by the Obama administrationï ¿ ½s fiscal 2014 budget proposal to place a cap on balances in tax-advantaged retirement accounts. On top of that was the idea to re-install (beginning in 2018) the 2009 estate tax exemption of $3.5 million and maximum estate tax rate of 45 percent. This comes after having just enacted a law that gave us a "permanent" $5 million exemption and lower estate tax rates. Such proposals might raise in your mind the question of what will happen with 529 plans in the future. Will Congress or the President attempt to pare the federal tax benefits of 529 plans, or restrict access to them? The answer, in my mind, is "no." Here are 10 reasons why President Obama wonï ¿ ½t touch your 529 plan. 1. 529 plans have a good track record. Simply put, they work. Many families that previously opened 529 accounts are now tapping them to pay for college. (According to the College Savings Plans Network, 1.34 million accounts took distributions in 2012.) Money that would otherwise go to Uncle Sam in the form of taxes on investment earnings is being used to purchase higher education, fulfilling the original promise of 529 plans. Distribution requests are being processed timely; tax reporting is being done correctly; and families are generally pleased with their decisions to use 529 plans. The plans themselves have improved greatly over the years: expenses have been dramatically lowered, investment choices have broadened, and disclosures have improved. And unlike IRAs and defined contribution retirement accounts, 529 plans already have caps on contributions. Whatï ¿ ½s not to like? 2. 529 plans are popular Over 11 million accounts existed at the end of last year, spread among almost six million families. A 2012 survey by the College Savings Foundation found that 30 percent of families whose children are college-bound reported having a 529 account. Perhaps CSF should add a new question added to future surveys: Do you plan to vote in the next election? I am guessing most 529 account owners are likely votersï ¿ ½not that anyone going up for election ever takes that into consideration. 3. 529 plans are helping middle-class working families The financial struggle of middle-class Americans has been a focus of the Obama administration, and nowhere is that struggle more pronounced than with families affording college when they do not qualify for Pell grants or other programs reserved for the lowest incomes. The Treasury Department said as much in a 2009 report to Vice President Bidenï ¿ ½s White House Task Force on Middle Class Working Families. Treasury Secretary Geithner also gave a specific shout-out for 529 plans, stating during a forum at Syracuse University that they can be an "immensely effective way for Americans to save for college." 4. 529 plans donï ¿ ½t cost the government very much The staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation pegs the 2013 federal tax expenditure for 529 plans (both prepaid and savings) at less than $1 billion. Compare that figure to the $20 billion price tag on federal tax credits for higher education. IRAs represent a tax expenditure in 2013 of more than $15 billion, while defined contribution plans will cost the government $57 billion this year. Itï ¿ ½s little wonder that President Obama is looking to place new restrictions on retirement plansï ¿ ½thatï ¿ ½s where the budget money is. 5. College prices are out of control According to the College Board, the published price of tuition at private colleges rose 4.2 percent for the 2012-13 academic year, and at public universities the increase was 4.8 percent. (The consumer price index rose only 1.7 percent in 2012.) In the 30 years between 1979 and 2009, family incomes rose 10 percent, while private college tuition rose 154 percent and public university tuition rose 186 percent. The federal government can do little to stop this tuition spiral, but what it can do is provide all American families at every income level with a tax incentive to save as much as they can towards college. 6. Student debt is out of control Simple math: Net cost of college, minus savings or income to pay that cost, equals education loans. Students now graduate from college with an average of more than $27,000 in student loans, placing a significant burden on them as they try to establish their adult lives. Total student debt in America is believed to have crossed $1 trillion, surpassing credit card debt. Some argue the federal government makes it too easy to obtain student loans, resulting in distressingly-high default rates. The word "savings" in the above equation is bolded to emphasize that an increase in 529 account balances will lead directly to a reduction in student debt. President Obama and most of our elected representatives in Washington understand simple math. 7. America needs more college graduates The President recognizes the need for a highly-skilled and educated workforce and the risks to this countryï ¿ ½s future economy and security if families decide they cannot afford to send their children to college. He has set a goal that by 2020, America should once again lead the world in the proportion of adults with a college degree. 529 plans lead to increased college enrollment. Studies from the Center for Social Development at Washington University in St. Louis found that children with dedicated college savings accounts are six times more likely to attend college than children with no college savings. 8. The states have a vested interest in 529 plans The states invented 529 plans and they remain heavily committed to them. State treasurers wonï ¿ ½t have much to say if the Obama administration looks to balance the budget through changes to tax-advantaged retirement plans, but they will raise heck if anyone suggests a change that threatens to undermine their 529 plans. I canï ¿ ½t say the state 529 lobby is anywhere near as strong as the retirement industry lobby, but as public officials they should carry some weight in Washington. After all, many Congressional representatives have state government on their resumes. 9. Congress has 529s Some day, when I have nothing else to do, I would like to take a look at the financial disclosure statements of elected representatives in Washington to determine how many appear to be using 529 plans for their children and grandchildren. I suspect there are a considerable number. Any proposal to cut the benefits or restrict access to 529s will directly impact their own ability to afford college. Weï ¿ ½ve come a long way since the Congressional hearings in 2004 when a couple of committee members kept referring to "592" plans. 10. President Obama has 529s First Families are not immune to the challenge of paying for college. Malia Obama will be 15 years old this year, and Sasha will turn 12. Their parents made very large contributions to 529 plans back in 2007. Just saying. Financial Professional Content Many investment professionals were surprised last week by the Obama administrationï ¿ ½s fiscal 2014 budget proposal to place a cap on balances in tax-advantaged retirement accounts. On top of that was the idea to re-install (beginning in 2018) the 2009 estate tax exemption of $3.5 million and maximum estate tax rate of 45 percent. This comes after having just enacted a law that gave us a "permanent" $5 million exemption and lower estate tax rates. Such proposals might raise in your mind the question of what will happen with 529 plans in the future. Will Congress or the President attempt to pare the federal tax benefits of 529 plans, or restrict access to them? The answer, in my mind, is "no." Here are 10 reasons why President Obama wonï ¿ ½t touch your 529 plan. 1. 529 plans have a good track record. Simply put, they work. Many families that previously opened 529 accounts are now tapping them to pay for college. (According to the College Savings Plans Network, 1.34 million accounts took distributions in 2012.) Money that would otherwise go to Uncle Sam in the form of taxes on investment earnings is being used to purchase higher education, fulfilling the original promise of 529 plans. Distribution requests are being processed timely; tax reporting is being done correctly; and families are generally pleased with their decisions to use 529 plans. The plans themselves have improved greatly over the years: expenses have been dramatically lowered, investment choices have broadened, and disclosures have improved. And unlike IRAs and defined contribution retirement accounts, 529 plans already have caps on contributions. Whatï ¿ ½s not to like? 2. 529 plans are popular Over 11 million accounts existed at the end of last year, spread among almost six million families. A 2012 survey by the College Savings Foundation found that 30 percent of families whose children are college-bound reported having a 529 account. Perhaps CSF should add a new question added to future surveys: Do you plan to vote in the next election? I am guessing most 529 account owners are likely votersï ¿ ½not that anyone going up for election ever takes that into consideration. 3. 529 plans are helping middle-class working families The financial struggle of middle-class Americans has been a focus of the Obama administration, and nowhere is that struggle more pronounced than with families affording college when they do not qualify for Pell grants or other programs reserved for the lowest incomes. The Treasury Department said as much in a 2009 report to Vice President Bidenï ¿ ½s White House Task Force on Middle Class Working Families. Treasury Secretary Geithner also gave a specific shout-out for 529 plans, stating during a forum at Syracuse University that they can be an "immensely effective way for Americans to save for college." 4. 529 plans donï ¿ ½t cost the government very much The staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation pegs the 2013 federal tax expenditure for 529 plans (both prepaid and savings) at less than $1 billion. Compare that figure to the $20 billion price tag on federal tax credits for higher education. IRAs represent a tax expenditure in 2013 of more than $15 billion, while defined contribution plans will cost the government $57 billion this year. Itï ¿ ½s little wonder that President Obama is looking to place new restrictions on retirement plansï ¿ ½thatï ¿ ½s where the budget money is. 5. College prices are out of control According to the College Board, the published price of tuition at private colleges rose 4.2 percent for the 2012-13 academic year, and at public universities the increase was 4.8 percent. (The consumer price index rose only 1.7 percent in 2012.) In the 30 years between 1979 and 2009, family incomes rose 10 percent, while private college tuition rose 154 percent and public university tuition rose 186 percent. The federal government can do little to stop this tuition spiral, but what it can do is provide all American families at every income level with a tax incentive to save as much as they can towards college. 6. Student debt is out of control Simple math: Net cost of college, minus savings or income to pay that cost, equals education loans. Students now graduate from college with an average of more than $27,000 in student loans, placing a significant burden on them as they try to establish their adult lives. Total student debt in America is believed to have crossed $1 trillion, surpassing credit card debt. Some argue the federal government makes it too easy to obtain student loans, resulting in distressingly-high default rates. The word "savings" in the above equation is bolded to emphasize that an increase in 529 account balances will lead directly to a reduction in student debt. President Obama and most of our elected representatives in Washington understand simple math. 7. America needs more college graduates The President recognizes the need for a highly-skilled and educated workforce and the risks to this countryï ¿ ½s future economy and security if families decide they cannot afford to send their children to college. He has set a goal that by 2020, America should once again lead the world in the proportion of adults with a college degree. 529 plans lead to increased college enrollment. Studies from the Center for Social Development at Washington University in St. Louis found that children with dedicated college savings accounts are six times more likely to attend college than children with no college savings. 8. The states have a vested interest in 529 plans The states invented 529 plans and they remain heavily committed to them. State treasurers wonï ¿ ½t have much to say if the Obama administration looks to balance the budget through changes to tax-advantaged retirement plans, but they will raise heck if anyone suggests a change that threatens to undermine their 529 plans. I canï ¿ ½t say the state 529 lobby is anywhere near as strong as the retirement industry lobby, but as public officials they should carry some weight in Washington. After all, many Congressional representatives have state government on their resumes. 9. Congress has 529s Some day, when I have nothing else to do, I would like to take a look at the financial disclosure statements of elected representatives in Washington to determine how many appear to be using 529 plans for their children and grandchildren. I suspect there are a considerable number. Any proposal to cut the benefits or restrict access to 529s will directly impact their own ability to afford college. Weï ¿ ½ve come a long way since the Congressional hearings in 2004 when a couple of committee members kept referring to "592" plans. 10. President Obama has 529s First Families are not immune to the challenge of paying for college. Malia Obama will be 15 years old this year, and Sasha will turn 12. Their parents made very large contributions to 529 plans back in 2007. Just saying.

Freewill and Moral Responsibility Essay - 825 Words

Freewill and Moral Responsibility in Response to Galen Strawson's Basic Argument (Essay Sample) Content: Name: Instructor: Course: Date:Freewill and Moral Responsibility in Response to Galen Strawsons Basic ArgumentIntroductionThe main argument that Galen Strawson puts forward attempts to find the truth in that no agent can fulfill the demands for real moral responsibility. Strawsons argument assumes that if an agent is totally morally responsible for his or her actions, the agent also has to bear the responsibility of his or her reasons for doing those actions. In this regard, Strawson finds it impossible for an agent to be responsible for his or her reasons arguing that this action calls for an unending regress of totally responsible decisions for the agent to bear the responsibility of his or her reasons. The thesis statement governing this paper argues that, Galen Strawsons basic argument is hardly persuasive to individuals who oppose that an individuals reasons are the cause of the individuals action. In this regard, there is a high possibility that an agent can avoid the infinite regress threat especially in situations where two similar choices seem to explain each other. The paper will introduce the basic argument by which that Galen Strawson stands. An argument that opposes Strawsons argument will follow and the next section will object the arguments that oppose Strawsons argument. A conclusion that restates the thesis and one that sums up the whole argument in the paper will conclude the paper.Galen Strawsons Basic ArgumentStrawson argues that there is a moral responsibility and freewill is inexistent. Strawson claims that most issues that are debated by freewill are not to be resolved until there is proof of the non-existence moral responsibility and freewill. The first simple idea that Strawsons argument relies on is that to act freely is acting in a manner that one can be said to be totally morally responsible for his or her action. The second simple idea that forms the foundation of Strawsons argument is that, for a person to be tru ly morally responsible for his or her actions, a person must in turn prove to be truly responsible for the reasons that bring about the performance of that action. The rejection of freewill and moral responsibility by Strawson has roots from the second simple idea.Opposing Strawsons Basic ArgumentStrawsons basic argument is based on the notion that the reasons that an agent puts forward as his explanation for doing an action are the cause of the agent performing that action. Strawsons causal assumption motivates his rejection of self-determined and morally responsible actions. A doubt cast over the causal efficacy of the reasons of the agent into performing an action deems Strawsons argument as one that has been inefficiently supported.The main reason for opposing Strawsons argument is that it is only persuasive to people who believe that a persons reasons cause a persons actions. Strawsons argument is based on a causal link between a persons reasons and a persons reasons. On this r egard, one can argue that, the reasons are not to be regarded as causal. This argument loses the intuitive force upon which Strawsons argument is founded. Indeterminism can be defined against the notion that reasons explanations presuppose the causality of reasons. In simpler terms, one can discredit Strawsons reasons/actions determination (Strawson, 44). Reasons explanations capture motivation behind a persons action, the end that the agents targets to satisfy by doing a particular action. ObjectionsThe theory only accommodates LibertariansLibertarianism is main philosophical position that is related to freewill and determinism I the metaphysics domain. Libertarians argue that the free will is incompatible with determinism and that agents possess freewill rendering determinism as false. The libertarians are indeterminist based on the argument that agents have freewill. The papers main argument is equated to libertarians ideas where it hardly benefits compatibilists. Another reason as to why the main arguments only accommodate libertarians i...

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